Opera 15+ is a different product with different functionalities and lack of others, that's why you don't see most of the things you were used to.
The have the Opera you were used to, you need to (re)install Opera 12.16 or older.
On new Opera you can enable bookmarks bar here and the on settings. Sync - only Speed Dials, Stash and custom searches atm - can be enabled on [url-opera://flags/#sync]opera:flags[/url].
