@sgunhouse thanks for your suggestion - I had worked my way through a few of these (there was a W10 update on 21/11) before I found the very very odd answer. I found today that I couldn't get Word to open either - I subscribe to Microsoft's Office 365 ripoff out of long habit. I checked my MS account, and found that they were trying to use an expired credit card for the monthly sub renewal. I changed the card, updated the payment, logged out, restarted, and one by one Word, Firefox - and Opera all started working again. This can hardly be a coincidence, but it's bizarre either way. I shall buy a tinfoil hat and start believing in conspiracy theories about the Deep State of Tech......
Thanks again,
Andrew